Discrimination against Vietnamese Immigrants in America

Discrimination against Vietnamese Immigrants in America Vietnamese did not magically appear in the United States, the Vietnam War sparked the immigration of Vietnamese to America. Vietnamese did not virtually exist in the United States until 1975 when the war forced Vietnamese to evacuate (Povell). The war began after Vietminh defeated France and split into North and South Vietnam (O’Connel). In 1956 communist Ho Chi Minh ruled the North Vietnam, and Bao Dai ruled the South, who the United States supported and backed up (O’Connel). The Vietnam War consisted of the North and South Vietnam, fighting against eachother in order to stay two separate countries. The North tried to overtake the South, and the United States sent in troops to†¦show more content†¦This resulted in fewer jobs available for anyone, and left Vietnamese at a greater disadvantage because they lack English, and skill. Without basic English skills, finding a job, renting an apartment, or even bu ying food became very difficult. (â€Å"Vietnamese Americans.†). This lead to English as a Second Language programs (ESL). ESL programs would provide the amount of English to find work, but not raise past the â€Å"poverty level† (Li). Vietnamese did receive education, but this only created opportunity to find low-paying jobs. Even with programs like ESL, less than half of Vietnamese Americans (41%) speak English proficiently (Taylor). Boat People who lacked English could not find jobs and found difficulties doing everyday tasks. When Vietnamese began to understand their struggle in the job market, they would try to open restaurants, but Americans would not accept the new flavor of food (â€Å"The Asian American Experience-Building New Saigon†). No business in the restaurants forced them to close, and find work elsewhere. Then the Boat People turned to the fishing industry. At first whites tolerated Vietnamese in the fishing industry because they posed no threat . However, when Vietnamese bought shrimp boats, they became a threat to white’s businesses, and whites began to dislike Vietnamese. (â€Å"Asian Americans†). Some Vietnamese would get extremely involved in the fishing industry, but learned better from violence used againstShow MoreRelatedEssay on Dreams That Never Come1122 Words   |  5 Pagesvirtue† (Hochschild 18). Simply by working hard anyone can realize their dreams coming true. This dream can mean something different for everyone. For two Sri Lankan immigrant women their dream came when becoming independent as they operated their own day care business. Success was also found for the Vietnamese American immigrants that populate Little Saigon, in orange county California. These people were able to establish a community that exemplified economic and political growth (Trinh Và ¶ 86)Read MoreFrom Immigrants to Americans - Immigration Experiences from 1865-19902728 Words   |  11 Pagesof its foundation of a better, more equal world for all, the United States of America has been a point of hope for many of those people. A lot of nationals around the world have ended their research for a place to call home in the United States of America. By analyzing primary sources and the secondary sources to back up the information, one could find out about what Chinese, Italians, Swedish, and Vietnamese immigrants have experienced in the United States in different time periods from 1865 to 1990Read MoreEssay on Vietnamese Americans3140 Words   |  13 Pagespaper will discuss Vietnamese Americans and their journey to America. I will talk about how these incredible and resilient people fought to succeed it a world that seemed to hold the odds against them. The culture, beliefs, and challenges of Vietnamese people are a precise paradigm of their strength and perseverance. Unfortunately, Vietnamese Americans make up only a small percent of the total American Population today. There are many stereotypes associated with the Vietnamese, but the truth isRead MoreReligious and Ethic Groups1049 Words   |  5 Pagescontributed to the American culture is the fact that it has become one of the major religious groups here in America behind Christianity, Judaism and being non religious at all (Buddhism In The United States,  2013).   Buddhism in American is practiced by many Asian Americans and a large number of people who have converted to the religion. Approximately 1.2 million people practice Buddhism here in America as of 2012. Buddhism has experienced persecution from non-Buddhist or other Buddhist during the historyRead More Asian American Experience Essay1642 Words   |  7 Pagesexclusion all describe the history of Asia America. When they arrived to the United States, they become labeled as Asians. These Asians come from Japan, China, Korea, Laos, Thailand, and many other diverse countries in the Eastern hemisphere. These people wanted to escape from their impoverished lives as the West continued to infiltrate their motherland. They saw America as the promise land filled with opportunity to succeed in life. Yet due to the discrimination placed from society and continual unfairRead MoreEssay on Prejudice Destroyed the American Dream1008 Words   |  5 Pages Years ago, the United States of America was the prime example of prosperity and opportunity. In recent years, in the worst recession since the Great Depression, unemployment and interest rates have skyrocketed. The â€Å"American Dream† is an idea that was once a commonly accepted ideology in this country. It has since become only a fallacy. The â€Å"American Dream† is no longer an attainable idea, only a fantasy. The â€Å"American Dream† is not a true dream that will ever be equally attainable by everyone. Read MoreImmigration Act : On Asia n American Cultural Politics1060 Words   |  5 Pagesher PhD. in Literature from the University of California at Santa Cruz, and her B.A. in History from world-renowned Stanford University. In 1996, Duke University Press published her book Immigration Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics. In Immigrant Acts, Lowe discusses the contradictions in society where Asian Americans have been included in the workplace and markets of the U.S., but are often distanced from the ground of the national culture via exclusion laws and bars from citizenship. Read More Not Just A Rising Sun: Essay2243 Words   |  9 Pages America is a Country based on diversity and immigration of many cultures creating a melting pot people from all over the world living together in freedom. The Asian American ethnic group is also based on diversity and different immigration patterns of different cultures all representing each other under one name Asian American. Asian Americans have a very diverse history and have different subgroups that have different social status. This essay will discuss and analyze the history of and how AsianRead MoreDeviance And Crime And Deviance1623 Words   |  7 Pagesa protective factor against adolescent problems† (Choi, Y., He, M., Harachi, T. W., 2008). This is due to the intergenerational dissonance that can occur when a parent immigrates to the states and their values conflict with their American born children; usually, this dissonance can create problem behavior in the child to act out and become more deviant. Although I’ve stated before that I have distinct myself from some of my parent’s beliefs, I have not abandoned my Vietnamese culture altogetherRead MoreHow Asian Discrimination Is The World Of Academics1231 Words   |  5 Pagesforeigners. The usage of this term has kept the continuation of Asians being deprecated in America. An article by The Economist, â€Å"The Model Minority is Losing Patience†, explains how Asian discrimination is invoked into the world of academics. â€Å"He was rejected by six of the seven Ivy League colleges to which he applied† (Economist). We must learn to embrace the Asian diversity, though the history of America has left a period of where the Asian population has been affected on. â€Å"You are not welcome

Capital Punishment Essay - 667 Words

According to the New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia, Capital Punishment is the infliction by due legal process of the penalty of death as a punishment for crime. Capital Punishment, also known as, the Death Penalty has been around for centuries. The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes (www.deathpenaltyinfo.org). Not only is Capital Punishment ancient, it is highly controversial as well. For many years, it has been a huge debate regarding Capital Punishment and its morale. When discussing the debate of Capital Punishment, there are two major sides. The first side is made up of individuals who†¦show more content†¦It is also argued that capital punishment sends a contradictory message by killing people who kill people to show that killing is wrong. Most of these organizations strongly believe that life in prison is a worse punishment and a more effective deterrent. Most of these individuals believe that the death penalty is a cop out and that a life sentence will force criminals to suffer and constantly think about the crime they have committed. In regards to finances and the overpopulation of the court system, anti Capital Punishment organizations argue that financial costs to taxpayers of capital punishment is several times that of keeping someone in prison for life and that the endless appeals and required additional procedures clog our court system (www.balancedpolitics.org). Although most would prefer to avoid it, religion as well as the bible has played a huge role in the debate over Capital Punishment. Those who are pro capital punishment use the following scripture from the Bible to justify their stance in the debate: Genesis 9:6: Whosoever shall shed mans blood; his blood shall be shed; for man was made to the image of God.† In their argument, they are implying that this scripture means if one takes a man’s life their life should be taken because they are not living in accordance to the image of God. In contrast, those who are anti Capital Punishment use the following scripture from the bible to justifyShow MoreRelated Capital Punishment1099 Words   |  5 Pages Capital Punishment Murder, a common occurrence in American society, is thought of as a horrible, reprehensible atrocity. Why then, is it thought of differently when the state government arranges and executes a human being, the very definition of premeditated murder? Capital punishment has been reviewed and studied for many years, exposing several inequities and weaknesses, showing the need for the death penalty to be abolished. Upon examination, one finds capital punishment to be economically weakRead MoreCapital Punishment1137 Words   |  5 Pagescorresponding punishments. Among all penalties, capital punishment is considered to be the most severe and cruelest one which takes away criminal’s most valuable right in the world, that is, right to live. It is a heated debate for centuries whether capital punishment should be completely abolished world widely. The world seems to have mixed opinion regarding this issue. According to Amnesty International (2010), currently, 97 countries in the world have already abolished capital punishment while onlyRead MoreCapital Punishment1786 Words   |  8 PagesCapital Punishment Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the toughest form of punishment enforced today in the United States. According to the online Webster dictionary, capital punishment is defined as â€Å"the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a capital offence or a capital crime† (1). In those jurisdictions that practice capital punishment, its use is usually restricted to a small number of criminal offences, principallyRead More Capital Punishment1898 Words   |  8 PagesCapital Punishment Imagine your heart suddenly beginning to race as you hear a judge give you a death sentence and then you’re quickly carried away in chains as your family sobs as they realize that they will no longer be able to see you. As you sit in your cell you begin to look back at your life and try to see where you went wrong to end up in jail waiting to carry out a death sentence, and at the same time know that you are an innocent waiting to be heard. This same scenario repeatsRead MoreCapital Punishment1276 Words   |  6 Pagesbroken to get the death penalty, increased murder rates and wrongful accusations. There are many different views of the death penalty. Many different religions have their own views of the death penalty. In Hinduism, if the king does not inflict punishment on those worthy to be punished the stronger would roast the weaker like fish on a spit. In the religion of Jainism, mostly all of their followers are abolitionists of the death penalty which means that they oppose of it. Infact, this religionRead More Capital Punishment Essay: Retain Capital Punishment?696 Words   |  3 PagesCapital Punishment - Retain or Not?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay tangles with the question of whether or not we should retain the death penalty within the American code of penal law.    There is a feeling of frustration and horror that we experience at the senseless and brutal crimes that too frequently disrupt the harmony of society. There is pain which accompanies the heartfelt sympathy that we extend to the victims families who, in their time of suffering, are in need of the support and compassionRead MoreCapital Punishment Is A Legal Punishment1116 Words   |  5 Pageswhat the big deal about Capital Punishment is? According to free dictionary, Capital Punishment is to put to death as a legal punishment (Farlax). Capital Punishment is used worldwide, and is guaranteed to prevent future crime. Capital Punishment is a large controversy in the U.S. but before a personal opinion can be formed, some facts need to be known, such as what it is, where it is used and why it could be good or bad. Well, what is Capital Punishment? Capital Punishment is where a person is executedRead MoreCapital Punishment2506 Words   |  11 PagesCapital Punishment and the Death Penalty Capital punishment exist in today’s society as citizens of the United States should we have the right to take an individual life. As illustrated throughout numerous of studies the death penalty is an unfair process seven out of ten deaths handed down by the state courts from 1973 to 1995 were overturned when appeal and the seven percent were later found to be innocent. Such as the Dobie Williams case which took place July 8, 1984. DobieRead MoreCapital Punishment Is The Ultimate Punishment1704 Words   |  7 Pageswhat would you want from the government if he had killed someone you know? He should receive the capital punishment. The capital punishment is the ultimate punishment given to the precarious crimes. It is the last stage of capital punishment. There are different methods of like hanging, electric chair, lethal injection, firing squad, gas chamber. Murderers and rapist should be given extreme punishment, and they have to pay for their wrongdoing. We can observe crime rates are accelerating day-by-dayRead MoreCapital Punishment And Juvenile Punishment1631 Words   |  7 Pages Capital punishment is the term used when an individual is put to death by the state or government for the commission of a crime. Until recently, juveniles were not exempt from this punishment, however they would generally need to commit a more serious offense c ompared to their adult counterpart. Then there was the decision ruling the execution of mentally handicapped individuals was unconstitutional, using the 8th amendment as their authority, while taking into account the diminished capacity of

Major developmental themes in child development Essay Example For Students

Major developmental themes in child development Essay Is development the result of genetics or the result of the love, guidance and the upbringing one receives? That is a very interesting and personal question. In reviewing Table 4.1 in the textbook regarding where the main developmental theories stand on the six themes in development, it appears that most of the theorists involved believe that both nature and nurture have an impact on the development of the child (Child Development: A Thematic Approach (3rd. ed.) (Bukato, Daehler, 1998, p. 29). The Ethological theme reports that although behavior is biologically based the environment has an impact and influences behavior patterns. Most of the other themes such as the Learning Theory and the Socioculture Theory are based on nurture or environmental experiences with some biological experiences. An article on the Internet titled Quotations about Nature, Nurture, and Nature via Nurture (1998), reports that there are in fact three nature vs. nurture issues rather than just one. They concern what is innate, what is inherited, and what is important? What is innate to the species, in this case, Homosapiens? Features of human behavior and experience arise from the genes that are shared and without most of which a human child is unlikely to be born with? What is inherited? We can look at genetically similar or even identical twins that grow up in different environments, thus allowing us to learn whether environmental differences, between families, contribute to final observable differences in behavior and personality. Not all physical factors appear to be genetically inherited. For example, the best-known example of this is the case of eye colors in Homosapiens; two brown-eyed parents can have a blue-eyed child if each of them carries the recessive gene for blue eyes as well as the dominant gene for brown eyes. Finally, what is important? With genetic cloning a fact, not a possibility, a society has to determine what is important to them in todays culture. Discussion such as Is it more important to have smart or good-looking children? Or, As a society will we allow genetic defects such as dwarfism? There is much controversy regarding this developing topic and I am sure much more to come. The previously cited article reports that most current psychologists admit that it is impossible to prove nature vs. nurture outcomes because there are such complex interactions that effect all development processes in a child. Growing up within the larger scheme of things is the concept of the Socioculture theme. This theory indicates that the community one grows up in has a great impact on what experiences, beliefs and values they will have. Every society changes over time. Some change rapidly; others seem to stay virtually unchanged for generations. But, however slowly, change does occur. Communication and language are two important aspects that play major roles in the socioculture development. Functions of communication such as, actions, words, behaviors, settings, topics and/or events all envelope the different forms and styles of communication that members of the group or culture utilize. Factors such as proximity, the space people need or use for themselves within a community, and the poverty cycle are very important in the development of an individual and a culture. Children are biologically predisposed to develop language and the environment triggers rather than serves as a stage of development. A child learns most and is most impressionable during the first five years of his life. Therefore, a child in poverty is exposed to his environment, and that is what they know, even before entering into the educational system. This has a lot to do with the continuation of the poverty cycle. .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f , .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f .postImageUrl , .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f , .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f:hover , .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f:visited , .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f:active { border:0!important; } .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f:active , .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u380aec8f3d096d649ad7c04391896b7f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Republican Party: Overall Issues, 1860-1868 Essay An example that I am familiar with at work is with families involved with Child Protective Services (CPS) and the subject of discipline or communicating through the use of corporal punishment. In some cultures spanking is perfectly acceptable. When a person is CPS involved because of neglect due to addiction, it is not conducive to the goal of reunification to hit or spank child. Teaching CPS participants can be challenging because it is sometimes very difficult for them to understand different concepts when corporal punishment is what their culture and society has deemed the norm. A child .

Research Proposal on Public Policy Essay Example

Research Proposal on Public Policy Essay Public policy is the complex system of acts, decisions and laws, which illustrate the attitude of the government or the whole state towards a certain question. Public policy is a very important phenomenon which illustrates the quality and type of work of the government. Public policy touches upon every sphere of human activity and every branch of activity of the country. For example public policy influences the most important decisions in such spheres as health care, education, army and social issues. The most important questions which are important for every citizen of any state is the quality of the health care, wages, the work the police, etc. Every party with wants to win the election should work out a well-organized program for public policy, because people always value the work of the party in the public issues. Young people care about their education, so the public policy in this field should be well-balanced to win the support of the young electors. The same situation is observed in medicine. Most people do not pay attention to the international activity of the government, they care only about their own life, their own families and their health, so every party or person who plans to rule the state should pay much attention to the public policy as it is the most important activity. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Public Policy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Public Policy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Public Policy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Public policy is the most important activity of the government concerning the most important problems of the state and everyone should know everything about its structure and its types. A successful research proposal should be well-organized, well-formatted and logically-composed. When student writes a research proposal, he is expected to know everything about the topic under investigation and wants to deepen his knowledge in a certain topic and make a contribution into the discipline. So, students have to research the topic before writing the paper, realize the principles of public policy, its methods, fields, rules and its structure. Moreover, a student who writes a research proposal is supposed to introduce new vision of the problem and suggest new methods of the effective public policy. Every student who has to prepare a good research proposal faces a common problem: manner of writing of the paper. A free sample research proposal on public policy will be useful for every student who has no idea about paper writing and does not know how to prepare a logically composed paper. Another problem of every proposal is the quality of the content. Students are recommended to read free example research proposals on public policy to learn to construct and format the paper properly and see the ways of the data analysis and the most important – see how to make a paper convincing and persuade the professor that the topic is worth attention. *** ATTENTION! Free sample research proposals and research paper examples on Public Policy are 100% plagiarized!!! At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Public Policy topics. Your research paper proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!

Perception Without Reason Is Mere Experience, but Reason Without Perception Is Nothing Essays

Perception Without Reason Is Mere Experience, but Reason Without Perception Is Nothing Essays Perception Without Reason Is Mere Experience, but Reason Without Perception Is Nothing Essay Perception Without Reason Is Mere Experience, but Reason Without Perception Is Nothing Essay Perception without reason is mere experience, but reason without perception is nothing. In order to comment on the statement given above, we must first understand what is meant by the terms perception and reason. One of the most commonly used definitions, from the most trusted source of definitions, of perception is the ability to become aware of something through our senses and to understand/interpret it in a particular way, whereas reason is commonly defined as the ability to think and draw logical conclusions?.However, I believe that to perceive something in our mind is to interpret the sensory input received from our immediate surroundings, whereas reason is associated with logical thought and rationale. Therefore the statement above can be rephrased to say that Interpretation of the outside world without the interference of a logical thought is what we call experience, but logical thought and rationale without any interpretation of the world does not exist. But how can one be a ware of something if ones brain does not think about it? How can one interpret something without the interference of thought? Since in my opinion, thinking is just using ones mind to process the information input from our senses, how can that information be interpret without having ones brain process it? Thus, put in another way, how can perception exist without reason? It cannot, because to perceive something would mean to unconsciously think.However, others may argue that by mentioning reason the statement refers to a stream of conscious thought instead of something as instinctual as unconscious processing of sensory data. However, keeping in mind the counter-argument, the second half of the statement could still be challenged. I believe that our mind is capable of thinking of abstract thought without the interference of senses. Our mind is able to comprehend concepts and platonic ideas such as goodness and can think about them without the need of an interpretation of the world.Go odness is not something that can be touched or tasted or seen. However, one may argue that such abstract trail of thought and understanding should not be classified as reason as it is just a concept that can be understood, but does not relate to any sort of rationale. One could also argue that in order to understand and comprehend goodness, we need to relate the concept to an appropriate context from the real world that we become aware of through our senses. That is why children are always told fables and fairy tales so that they would develop the understanding of good and evil.Therefore, the ability of our mind to grasp the very concept of goodness, along with all other examples of such abstract thought, is based upon perception. However, one cogent example as a proof of reason existing without perception is mathematical reasoning. Abstract numbers and abstract concepts of addition and subtraction cannot be seen or touched or felt. They are something that only the mind can grasp. T he fact that we are able to say that 2 + 1 = 3 does involve rationale and logical thought but does not need any basis of perception.The concept of numbers is understood without the interference of any senses. A baby born deaf and blind would still know the number of limbs it has. As Roger Penrose says? , You cannot understand atomic particles and structures, such as gluons and electrons except with mathematics. Our whole perception of particle physics is based upon mathematical reasoning and logic, and in order to be the basis of perception in this case, such reasoning and logic should exist separately from perception. Thus, I conclude that I disagree with the statement above as I believe that reason can exist without perception.

A Cultural Visual Metaphors

A Cultural Visual Metaphors A visual metaphor is a comparison of something that belongs to one category with another of a different category (Arnheim 125). It suggests a similarity between the two things. Visual metaphors vary from one cultural setting to another. For this reason the intended message may be lost if a metaphor from one culture is used in another one.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Cultural Visual Metaphors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, visual metaphors that are used in cosmopolitan societies must be universal in order to fit into everyone’s mental model of reality. Visual metaphors tremendously enhance our thinking and understanding of things. Some examples of visual metaphors include: American farmers need a financial safety net, Ideas are mushrooms that multiply quickly, he played the devil’s advocate yesterday, ideas are winged, things are elephant right now, asking questions is priming the pump of better understanding, thoughts are the seeds of creation, we left on foot even though it was raining cats and dogs, a positive attitude is a lighthouse for the hopeful, you have the heart of a lion, you’re my sunshine, she is a visual thinking butterfly, still in her cocoon. Visual metaphors play an important role in learning. Metaphors in general improve the speed with which we grasp various things and notions. Learners are able to get some things faster. However, this is thought is true only when the learner has already experience of the image being used (Benson 200). The understanding of a new thing will in such situations depend on the individual’s understanding of the image. Metaphors help the learner understand reality. Metaphors are used on a daily basis to help us get an insight of the world around us. Visual metaphors shape ones understanding of the surrounding. This in turn influences ones mental picture of reality. The mental model of reality is instrume ntal in assisting one to make critical decisions on some situations later in life. The decisions made tend to be more effective when one is exposed to metaphors early in life. Visual metaphors may also inspire and motivate one depending on one’s understanding of the metaphor. Visual metaphors help us in visual thinking. The metaphors provide the user with an opportunity to communicate a visual message in a way that enhances understanding and awareness (Bowers 73). Visual metaphors help people we are communicating with connect with us and thus create a deep understanding of the message being shared. Therefore, metaphors add color to our understanding.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another effect that visual metaphors have on visual thinking is linking the new with the familiar. They help bridge the gap between the new and the familiar. This device assists its users in putting together new concepts and ideas in a way that others can connect with. Each new idea is presented to the end user in a manner that evokes familiarity and understanding. Familiarity helps us overcome the fear and anxiety associated with encountering things for the first time. It nurtures acceptance and tolerance. Visual metaphors help us internalize what we learn. Internalization is a pre-requisite for better understanding and abstraction. Internalization helps us form mental models of things. The models later come into play when we are thinking abstractly. Metaphors, therefore, play an important role in society. They help us understand difficult subjects through association. Visual metaphors are an important aspect of visual thinking. They add color to visual thinking. Without visual metaphors, visual and abstract thinking would be plain. Arnheim, Rudolph. Visual thinking. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1999. Print. Benson, Thomas W., Prosser, Michael. Re adings in classical rhetoric. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 2002. Print. Bowers, A., Flinders, David J. Responsive teaching: An ecological approach to  Classroom patterns of language, culture, and thought. New York: Teachers College Press. 1990. Print.

Medical Management and Healthcare Information Systems Case Study

Medical Management and Healthcare Information Systems - Case Study Example rmation often becomes fragmented and disorganized in a setting where there is still only manual tracking, and there is much greater likelihood in this situation that vital information may be lost, delayed, or result in errors in care. Ending these delays through technology is a main gain for the new system. The organization also faces challenges because today’s healthcare environment is one that is quickly changing as new technology is constantly being adopted, and this technology brings risks as well as rewards. Patient privacy and confidentiality also remain relevant concerns from an ethical as well as a legal perspective in the healthcare environment. In today’s healthcare setting, â€Å"Computer systems designed for clinical use apply technology that is protective of data. In addition, an electronic patient record is backed up according to hospital policy†¦ and as the chart is modified by caregivers, those changes are automatically saved and an audit trail created† (Ford et al., 2005). But at the same time, this efficient means of keeping data could lead to possible compromises in patient confidentiality, because even encryption and passwords are not fool proof security systems. As noted above, client confidentiality is one possible barrier to a new electronic tracking system based on EHR. Many facilities are taking advantage of new technologies and systems to improve client care and make the organization and its professional caregivers work faster, better, and with more efficiency. One of these new technologies, developed in the last few decades and getting into common use presently and at the forefront of change at the organization in the case, is the use of the electronic health records, or EHR. EHR are used by many different types of healthcare delivery systems, from large capacity hospitals, to private practice. By definition, â€Å"To be defined as an Electronic Health Record, an electronic approach to collecting storing and manipulating data

Legalization of Marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legalization of Marijuana - Essay Example This is applicable to marijuana too. It is often shunned as an intoxicating drug that people often abuse. However, there is an overshadowed side to this drug, which gives reason for its legalization as a medical substance. If people recognized marijuana for its numerous beneficial uses for patients of glaucoma, cancer, aids, and multiple sclerosis, they would realize that these provide substantial ground for the legalization of marijuana. One use of marijuana, which greatly justifies its use as a medical substance, is its use for glaucoma patients (Klein, pp. 19-27). Glaucoma is a disease in which the patient experiences elevated ‘intraocular’ pressure in the eye, which often causes nerve damage, which slowly blinds the patient. Marijuana contains an active ingredient, THC, which helps reduce this pressure. This does not mean that marijuana cures the disease, but it helps delay the onset of the worst of its symptoms, which include vision impairment and blindness (Jacob, pp. 75-120). Experts often criticize this use of marijuana, saying that it is not worth the risk of using such an intoxicating and psychoactive substance for glaucoma patients when it does not even cure their condition. ... 1-3). The University of California has published several findings about this use for marijuana, which effectively alleviates the extreme pain that these diseases cause a task, which other painkillers are often ineffective at doing (Doheny, pp. 22-30). This is especially relevant for patients suffering from the final stages of cancer, where cure is not possible, and their pain is at its worst. The only thing that anyone can do for the dying patient at this point is to ease his or her suffering. Given marijuana’s effectiveness in alleviating such pain, the authorities should consider legalizing such a medical use of the substance. The argument of the side effects of marijuana, such as addictiveness or intoxication is irrelevant in this case, since the patient would not be any worse off due to such side effects, given their condition. For other cases, such as patients in pain due to AIDS, spinal cord injuries and multiple sclerosis, the patients are often helpless in pain and thu s if marijuana helps alleviate their pain, this greatly outweighs the negative side effects it might have on them (Jacob, pp. 75-120). These reasons provide further ground for the legalization of marijuana despite it negative characteristics. Another use that justifies the use of marijuana is a slightly less favored one. It springs from a side effect which marijuana has, which is that it increases the appetite of the person who smokes it (Farrow, Rees & Worrington-Roberts, pp. 79:218). This characteristic is, however, a useful find for people suffering from HIV. These patients suffer from extreme weight loss due to their condition, a symptom known as ‘wasting’. This includes a loss of appetite, which is followed by the deterioration of the

Fire Protection system Essay Example for Free

Fire Protection system Essay Aqueous and non- aqueous agents employed in fire service means the use of such substance in the fire service work which helps in fast control and quick remedial measures against the broken out. Substantially non- aqueous, plastic, high magnesium oxide are used so that materials remain fluid over longtime providing for easy workability and require no addition of water prior to use. In the same manner aqueous substance in form of concentrated ammonium salt containing binder and viscosity agent are used by fire service provider to prevent wildfires. For decreasing the toxicity of the chemicals used in fire service organization, non- aqueous and aqueous fluid is used to provide easy control over heavy fire. Non–aqueous compositions are used containing an amount of volatile silicon which helps to maintain waterproof composition than previous conventional non- aqueous substance used by fire service provider. In recent time various aqueous mixtures containing tricalcium phosphate are used as it is experienced that when the mixture is used fire os frequently extinguished and even the fire did not catch up readily. Aqueous substances are treated as fire control agent as it has great adhesive power when applied to extinguish fire. Aqueous film foaming foam is a special type of foam stabilizer which is diluted with water and exclude air from mixing the water and thereby suppressing the fire. Various factors are to be considered while selection of an agent by fire service provider as it directly and indirectly affects the decision. The fire agencies need to take help and identified the problem of reduction in fuel, cost sharing efforts and wild land fire problems. Fire agencies should take necessary action to meet the fire expenditure cost and to respond to fire areas at fast speed. Fire service providers have to base their decision on the chances of fire broke out, fuels available in form of various chemicals, devices or material needed, air tanker having with the company , their capacity , any agency, state or government organization participating, location or fire station and flame resistant synthetic fabric used in fire fighting. These fire service’s should comply while selecting or appointing any agent and it can be done after adopting the following procedures such as record keeping system, providing instructions at regular interval, risk assessment, inspection or regular review of guidelines to make it more meaningful, cleaning and decontamination procedure, preparing policy for repair and in the same way for store. With the adoption of above mentioned methodology the agent selected should be more beneficial for specific fire and thus more efficient development of fire service agent. REFERENCE Referred to sites: 1. http://scofmp. org/glossary. html Glossary of Wild land Fire Terms 2. http://www. tcfp. state. tx. us/standards/SOP_template. asp Standards and Certification Compliance Template for Newly Required SOPs 3. http://www. patentstorm. us/patents/6345632-description. html Method of cleaning and passivating a fire protection system Dated 23rd August 2007

Through Love and War: The Korean War Story Essay -- Society Fashion Es

Through Love and War: The Korean War Story Freddie’s Market during the early 1950s would be the host of much gossip and change. The Corsica Cafà © would lend itself to long political debates and chats over coffee. Meanwhile, the Korean War would be blasting through the decade of the 1950s. The fashions, the fads, the prices, the music, the art, and the infamous Korean War tell the story of the decade we call the fabulous fifties. â€Å"I remember working at Freddie’s Market in Corsica, SD. I would sack candy, and do other sorts of jobs to earn a little money to live on. I recall that I made one hundred and fifty dollars a month, and worked every day for at least eight hours,† (â€Å"Van Zee†). This is a memory my grandma has shared about work throughout the 50s. She did not make a lot by our standards today, but it proves that people who lived during this period of time worked hard to make a living. Working in a supermarket was just one of the many ways people in a small town earned money to get by, while fighting a war overseas. Over the years, as with everything else, fashions changed. During the 1950s, women wore high heels and cotton dresses, while men wore knit pants and cotton tops. People made a lot of their own clothing and would make a lot for their children also. My grandma recalls making and wearing circular skirts, which form a circle when laid out flat (â€Å"Van Zee†) . Along with clothing, jewelry has also changed. During the 1950s it was common to see ladies wearing clip-on earrings if they did not have pierced ears. Nowadays, adults, as well as children, have pierced ears. This proves that technology and customs have changed throughout the years. Style not only changed in the clothing category, but it also changed in t... ...o see his son. Life would eventually return to normal although everything abnormal, like the war, would be forgotten. The fifties, a time of fads, fashions, and a forgotten war, will always stand out as a pivotal point in American history. The cars of the fifties rolled in and out of view, the inflation rates grew, and the minimum wage would be raised. Certain pieces of music would yet be passed on through time. Although one major event, The Korean War, would be considered forgotten, sandwiched in between the events of history. Works Cited Dowd, Alan W. (2000, September). As It Happened. The American Legion, 66-69. Sauter, Jack. (2000, September). Why Korea Was Forgotten. The America Legion, 8-11. Young, Steve. (2002, May 26). A Soldier’s Solemn Homecoming. The Argus Leader, pgs. 1A-4A. Van Zee, Mary Ann. (2004, March 17). Personal Interview.

Personal name

They should contain your name and position title, contact number, email address and website address. If possible, your business name, logo and services or products also should be listed. It is common practice to have a double-sided card in the U. K. With the business details on the front and the personal contact details on the back 2. Shaking hands Shaking hands is a common form of greeting A handshake Is standard for business occasions and when visiting a home. Women do not always shake hands.In business, a light handshake Is standard. When vaulting a home, a handshake Is proper; however, a handshake Is not always correct at social occasions. Observe what others do. In the UK it is usually a single right hand that does the shaking. Very few people shake with their left hand and it is deemed rude to offer your hand without taking your glove off first. 3. Bowing 4. Kissing 5. Being formal or informal 6. Punctuality Punctuality is paramount. You should always arrive for an appointment/ meeting on time, maybe even five minutes early.If you are going to be late, telephone and give a time when you expect you will arrive. 7. Humor Do not make jokes about the royal family. 8. Eye contact The British often do not look at the other person while they talk. Maintain eye contact during the greeting. 9. Socializing with contacts The best way to make contact with senior executives is through a third party. It is not appropriate to have this same third party Intervene later If problems arise. While business dinners are becoming less common, business breakfasts are gaining In popularity.Work Is often discussed during business breakfasts and lunches, although these can also be used as an opportunity for general small talk to get to now your colleagues better and build up a good working relationship Meetings usually open with a fair amount of small talks, in order to create a warm, positive climate conducive to working well together. They last within 5-10 minutes before meetings Animals are usually a good topic of conversation. 11 . Accepting interruption 12. Giving presents Giving gifts in a business setting is not very common.When they are given, thank you gifts are usually small symbolic items such as diaries, pens, champagne, etc. Gifts should not seem inappropriately expensive. Also, gifts are usually given at the conclusion of something, such as a project, to mark the occasion or as a thank you. Rather than giving gifts, it is preferable to invite your hosts out for a meal or a show. When you are invited to an English home, you may bring flowers (not white lilies, which signify death), liquor or champagne, and chocolates. Send a brief, handwritten thank- you note promptly afterward, preferably by mail or e-mail-?not by messenger.When bringing flowers, consult with the florist about the appropriate type and umber. 13. Being direct (saying exactly what you think) 14. Using first name When greeting people in the I-J, wait to use first names until the oth er person uses yours or asks you to call them by their first name. The response you give to an introduction should have the same level of formality as the introduction itself. However, British business etiquette is becoming more informal and first names are often used right away The use of first names is becoming more common. However, you should follow the initiative of your host.

911 and Pearl Harbor

Two Dark Days Pearl Harbor changed the lives of Americans; decades later 9/11 affected a new generation of Americans. Comparing Pearl Harbor and 9/11, written by Fred L. Borch points out inaccuracies of the comparisons that numerous individuals have made between 9/11 and Pearl Harbor. The author gives a unique perspective that has partial inaccuracies under the topics; whether or not 9/11 was an intelligence failure, was American unprepared, and military responsibilities. The author uses various facts and statics to support his cause, some creditable, some not.December 7, 1941 and September 11, 2001 are two of the darkest days in American History essay writer dubai. The attack on Pearl Harbor began at 7:55 a. m. when 353 Japanese aircrafts dropped bombs on the U. S pacific fleets (Borch 846). With 2, 403 dead, 1,178 wounded, and eight battle ships sunk or damaged and 165 aircraft destroyed, the Japanese had succeeded on their attack. With their success the Japanese only lost a few sh ips and aircraft, and only 185 were killed or wounded. On December 16, 1941 the joint congressional committee declared that Admural E. Kimmel and Lieutenant general Walter c. hort failed to prepare Americans at Pearl Harbor for the attack of the Japanese. On September 11, 2001 most of us were sitting in class while 19 members of Al Quida boarded four commercial airlines, intending to take over and crash all four planes into traditional American landscapes. The first plane to crash, crashed into the north tower of the world trade center. Shortly after a second plane crashed into the south tower of the world trade center. An hour later a third plane struck the pentagon, destroying a portion of the building (Borch 847). The fourth plane crashed into a ruel area of southeast Pittsburgh (Borch 847).By 12:00 p. m. there were 2,823 killed in Manhattan and 189 in Washington, D. C. Days after the attack the U. s government identified Osama bin laden and his Al Queda as responsible for the at tacks. All 19 Al queda high jackers had entered the United States legally. They had student and tourist visas’. They tried to blend into American life; they took flying training at civilian pilot schools (Borch 847). This helped them pilot the planes after they killed commercial pilots. As we continue to blame bin laden for the attacks, he has never claimed responsibility for it, but has released video tapes praising the 9/11 high jackers.He has also threatened more attacks against America. The author raises the question â€Å"was intelligence failure the reason for these attacks. He states that they knew a war with Japan was highly likely. This fact was backed up by a message received saying â€Å"this dispatch is to be considered a warning, negotiation with Japan†¦. have ceased and an aggressive move by Japan is expected with the next few days. † Also after taking command Kimmel and Short were informed that if an attack occurred it would most likely be an air b ombing attack.Borch states that if the Japanese diplomatic messages would have been decrypted, it would have shown there was going to be an attack occurring on December 7, 1941. He also says there was a lack of strategic intelligence. There was a 75 minute tactical warning, when the sinking of Ward, at the mouth of the harbor. Borch said could have made a difference, if Kimmel and Short would have acted upon that warning. Also at 7:02 a. m. radar detected a large number of aircraft approaching Oahu. Both of these warnings were missed.He says that Kimmel and his staff were still arguing about the significance of the wards attack, when the first bombs were dropped on Oahu. As for 9/11 they could have seen it coming because of the previous attacks of the world trade center in 1993, the bombing of the USS Cole in Yemen, in 2000, and other events. The federal Bureau of investigation and others knew there was going to be an attack on an U. S target. But says no information had been collec ted that could directly point to the Al Queda attacking the world trade center. Both events were said to have no information that existed that a terrorist attack was about to happen.The closest thing that could have helped was the message sent to Pearl Harbor, which was not decrypted. And although there was no imminent proof of both attacks, Kimmel and Short had more information available to them than those of 9/11. With 9/11 no one knew the terrorist themselves learned how to pilot a commercial aircraft there was no tactical warning of the Al Queda attacking. When the first plane crashed into the world trade center, many thought it was an accident. No one knew that terrorist had taken over American and United Airline flights until their suicide mission was too far along to stop (Borch 851).To me there are some difficulties with some of the evidence the author uses, mainly because he uses his opinions. For instance when he says that no one had any evidence about 9/11, false! The 9/1 1 commission report is the official report of the events leading up to the September 11, 2001 attacks. One of the things the commission reported states is that they had evidence that several of the 9/11 hijackers passed through Iran, and indicates that officials in Iran did not place entry stamps in their passports. This and other evidence told there was going to be an attack on the United States.So we did have the intelligence to prevent it, we just didn’t have to funding or resources. Borch says that we couldn’t have collected more information about the attacks and we didn’t have that much information in the first place. But with my prior knowledge and after reading his opinion, it raises the question on how much did they really know? I mean just a few days after the attack they already had suspects! This brings my attention to how secretive the government really is. Granted, they can’t release a lot of information in the fact that half America would go into panic.But as for 9/11 being intelligence failure I would have to disagree. True we didn’t know what day it would happen or how. But with the evidence we did have and the conspiracies, we could have better prepared for it. On the other hand we has Americans have a certain way we do things, and the American way is we can’t do anything till something happens. This brings up the authors next topic which is â€Å"was American unprepared? † Borch states that if Kimmel and Short could have prepared their troops better for this kind of attack.And in turn, might have prevented the attack from happening. Now the unpreparedness regarding 9/11 concerns only what could have been done to prevent a terrorist attack. The unpreparedness of Pearl Harbor existed because of Kimmel and Short. Some reasons would be they were not conducting long-range reconnaissance with the ships and aircrafts, had not integrated their command and control structures, failed to take passive defe nsive measures, and last has not instilled in their commands a sense of urgency or realization that war was upon them (Borch 855).Kimmel had forgotten to order the placement of torpedo netting around the ships and short rejected the use of barrage balloons over the harbor. They say both these measures would have decreased the damage caused by the Japanese. What we could have done to prevent 9/11 was to increase security at U. s airports, place â€Å"sky marshals† on all airline flights, train pilots and aircrews to resist rather than cooperate with high jackers and last infiltrate terrorist cells (Botch 856). Borch makes a very bold argument here.I do agree with him and in what they could have done to prevented these events from happening. But as I said before we are Americans’ and our way is we can’t do anything till something happens. Now, Borch says that attack on Pearl Harbor was because of Kimmel and Short had not taken adequate measures to prevent the atta ck. Just the fact that they were not ready because â€Å"had not taken prudent defensive measures either to repel an attack or to mitigate its effects on their commands† (Borch 858). Personal responsibility is said to be the failure at Pearl Harbor, 9/11 was said to be systemic.Rather a lack of preparedness of September 11, 2001 by the commercial airline security. They did not take the adequate steps to prevent a terrorist attack. Again the author actually has a very bold and logical argument on this topic. He uses logically reasoning in what Pearl Harbor and 9/11 could have done to better prepared, and in turn might have prevented, the attacks on Pearl Harbor and the world trade center. Military responsibility may have been a factor in these two events. With Pearl Harbor Kimmel and Short were to blame.Though they couldn’t have prevented the attack, their failure to prepare an adequate defense makes them-at least partly responsible for what happened (Borch 858). As for 9/11 the men and woman running the FFA and the airlines knew that commercial aircraft were vulnerable to domestic hijacking (Borch 857). They could have expanded security. But that would have cost a lot of money. And as I said before, Americans knew we needed the increased security, but weren’t willing to spend that kind of money. Some thought if they increased security, business would go down.As mentioned before we could have done some things that might have prevented an terrorist attack, but as for 9/11 it was an highly unfortunate event for American, that was conducted carefully and quite brightly by 9 Al Queda. The article as a whole was interesting to read. I don’t agree with everything he mentions because of the fact that it is his opinion, not facts. He gives a few bold statements, as I mentioned before. Borch could have improved this article by organizing it better and make it easier to follow. Instead of jumping from 9/11 to Pearl Harbor over and over, he cou ld have found a better way to do that.Pearl Harbor and 9/11 are both unfortunate events that is a big a part of our history. As my generation experienced 9/11 and our great grandparents and maybe grandparents experienced Pearl Harbor, there are questions that will forever go unanswered. A lot of questions I now have arose after reading this article. Will American learn from their mistakes? Will we think about the blood of innocent lives that was shed in a terrorist attack that may could have been prevented, but we as American’s were too greedy to spend money on increased security.Basically I believe the whole topic of this is that we has American’s have the intelligence but don’t have the funding or resources. And we don’t want to do anything till something happens. But the question is how many more times are we going to have to sit back and watch our fellow Americans bury their sons and daughters, and watch as what was once a famous landscape come fallin g to the ground 100 ft. in front of us, before we do something logical and not do something that is not out of our budget.

Before You Were Mine Essay Example

Before You Were Mine Essay Example Before You Were Mine Paper Before You Were Mine Paper Before You Were Mine Carol Ann Duffy Duffy Is a poem about the adoration that the writer feels for her mother. Her feelings are revealed in first person. Duffy uses a range of narrative techniques like onomatopoeia, metaphors and short sentences which stand out and make the writers point clear. These techniques help reveal the authors changing attitude from selfish and possessive to loving and affectionate, when considering the younger version of her mother. After reading the poem, we learn that the writer Is looking at a photograph of her other and her friends when they were teenagers, standing at a street corner having a laugh, ready to go out for the night. Perhaps the author found this photo in among her mothers things and decided to write about what it represents. To her, it represents the fact that her Mother had a life before her and it was a pretty good one. The way the poet writes about her mother suggests that her mother had a very glamorous life and there are many ways Duffy tries to communicate this to us throughout the poem. In the photograph that Duffy has found, her mother is pictured n a polka-dot dress and Duffy compares her to Marilyn Monroe, the biggest film star and glamour model of the ass. The thousand eyes where the glitter ball hangs in the ballroom, the dancing and high-heeled red shoes and the polka-dot dress her mother would wear on a night out all add to the fun that comes with a glamorous life. The poet portrays quite a possessive attitude towards her mother. She constantly mentions herself and her own thoughts and feelings throughout the poem I remember. , Im not here yet. Im ten years away, the thought of me doesnt occur Even the title portrays the possessive way In which Duffy thinks of her mother: Before You Were Mine, The word mine lets the reader know that this woman is hers! Not anybody elses, except her husband of course, but thats In a deferent sense! This may be quite a selfish stance to take, but It shows the closeness of the mother and daughter relationship. Perhaps, the poet is possessive of her mother because she couldnt control her mothers youth and is hanging onto what she can control at the moment. As Duffy realizes the fun, exciting life her mother had before she gave birth to her, she feels a pang of guilt that she in a sense took away her mothers youth and freedom. When Duffy writes, l en cease enema AT my loud, possessive yell was ten Test one, Enron The words loud and yell suggest the scream of a baby when it comes out of its mothers womb and this portrays Carol Ann Duffy being born and ending the decade that was the best one for her mother. Duffy is relating to the good times her mother ad with her friends before she had a child and in a way forced her to grow up, move on, throw away her youth and adopt the lifestyle and responsibilities of a caring mum. As well as guilt, theres a sense of regret that Duffy didnt know her mother when her mother was fun exciting and vibrant. As she says, Even then I wanted the bold girl winking in Portable; somewhere in Scotland, before I was born. The use of the word bold suggests that the poet admires her mother for her confidence and daring behavior. Duffy regrets that she didnt know her mother hen she was the bold girl and perhaps feels guilty as she feels it was her fault her mothers behavior changed. The theme of love is captured throughout the poem. When Duffy says I knew you would dance like that, it shows that she has faith in her mother, cares for her and wants the best for her. The poet would love to meet the glamorous, care-free, dancer who only existed a decade ago, laughing on the corner of George Square. The poet uses alliteration at the end of the poem: Even then I wanted the bold girl winking in Portable, somewhere in Scotland, The words bold, before and born again suggest that her mother was bold before she was born and the poet uses the letter b to make these words stand out and add fluency to the poem. That glamorous love lasts where you sparkle and waltz and laugh before you were mine. This time the author uses the letter l to make the words love, lasts, and laugh, stand out. This suggests that the love she saw in the bold girl winking in Portable, is still there in her mother, and Duffy sees this every time her mother laughs. The poet has revealed her and her mothers relationship in a sweet and sensitive way, thinking carefully about her relationship with her mother in the present, the past and thinking about the relationship her and her mother could have had if the poet Ana Known near mother Detour seen gave Rite to near snarling stories tout near Mother teaching her dance steps on the way home from Mass, and how she always played with her Mums red high-heeled shoes suggests that her and her Mother had quite a warm and close relationship and reveals perhaps that Duffy was grateful for he great memories she had with her mother as a child. Reading this poem gets me thinking about my own relationship with my Mother and how her life was before me. I dont really relate to this poem at all because from what my Mom has told me I know that her life before she had me was far from glamorous so she didnt leave much behind and probably had a lot more fun when she had me! So the line at the end of my poem to my mother would be That glamorous love lasts where you sparkle and waltz and laugh after you were mine.

The Chemistry and History of Silly Putty

The Chemistry and History of Silly Putty Silly Putty is an amazing stretchy toy thats sold in a plastic egg. In the modern era, you can find many different types of Silly Putty, including types that change colors and glow in the dark. The original product was actually the result of an accident. Silly Putty History James Wright, an engineer at General Electrics New Haven laboratory, may have invented silly putty in 1943 when he accidentally dropped boric acid into silicone oil. Dr. Earl Warrick, of the Dow Corning Corporation, also developed a bouncing silicone putty in 1943. Both GE and Dow Corning were trying to make an inexpensive synthetic rubber to support the war effort. The material resulting from the mixture of boric acid and silicone stretched and bounced farther than rubber, even at extreme temperatures. As an added bonus, the putty copied newspaper or comic-book print. An unemployed copywriter named Peter Hodgson saw the putty at toy store, where it was being marketed for adults as a novelty item. Hodgson bought the production rights from GE and renamed the polymer Silly Putty. He packaged it in plastic eggs because Easter was on the way and introduced it at the International Toy Fair in New York in February of 1950. Silly Putty was a lot of fun to play with, but practical applications for the product werent found until after it became a popular toy. How Silly Putty Works Silly Putty is a viscoelastic liquid or non-Newtonian fluid. It acts primarily as a viscous liquid, though it can have properties of an elastic solid, too. Silly Putty is primarily polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). There are covalent bonds within the polymer, but hydrogen bonds between the molecules. The hydrogen bonds can be readily broken. When small amounts of stress are slowly applied to the putty, only a few of the bonds are broken. Under these condition, the putty flows. When more stress is applied quickly, many bonds are broken, causing the putty to tear. Lets Make Silly Putty! Silly Putty is a patented invention, so specifics are a trade secret. One way to make the polymer is by reacting dimethyldichlorosilane in diethyl ether with water. The ether solution of the silicone oil is washed with an aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The ether is evaporated off. Powdered boric oxide is added to the oil and heated to make the putty. These are chemicals the average person doesnt want to mess with, plus the initial reaction can be violent. There are safe and easy alternatives, though, that you can make with common household ingredients: Silly Putty Recipe #1 This recipe forms a slime with a thicker consistency, similar to that of putty. Solution of 55% Elmers glue solution in waterSolution of 16% sodium borate (Borax) in waterFood coloring (optional)Ziploc bags Mix together 4 parts of the glue solution with one part of the borax solution. Add food coloring, if desired. Refrigerate the mixture in the sealed bag when not in use. Silly Putty Recipe #2 The glue and starch recipe may also be seen as a slime recipe by some people, but the materials behavior is much like that of putty. 2 Parts Elmers white glue1 Part liquid starch Gradually mix the starch into the glue. More starch may be added if the mixture seems too sticky. Food coloring may be added, if desired. Cover and refrigerate the putty when not in use. This putty can be pulled, twisted, or cut with scissors. If the putty is left to rest, it will pool out, like a thick liquid. Things to Do With Silly Putty Silly putty bounces like a rubber ball (except higher), will break from a sharp blow, can be stretched, and will melt into a puddle after a length of time. If you flatten it and press it over comic book or some newpaper print, it will copy the image. Bouncing Silly Putty If you shape Silly Putty into a ball and bounce it off a hard, smooth surface it will bounce higher than a rubber ball. Cooling the putty improves its bounce. Try putting the putty in the freezer for an hour. How does it compare with warm putty? Silly Putty can have a rebound of 80%, meaning it can bounce back to 80% of the height from which it was dropped. Floating Silly Putty The specific gravity of Silly Putty is 1.14. This means it is more dense than water and would be expected to sink. However, you can cause Silly Putty to float. Silly Putty in its plastic egg will float. Silly putty shaped like a boat will float on the surface of water. If you roll Silly Putty into tiny spheres, you can float them by dropping them into a glass of water into which you have added a little vinegar and baking soda. The reaction produces bubbles of carbon dioxide gas, which will stick to the spheres of putty and cause them to float. As the gas bubbles fall off, the putty will sink. The Solid Liquid You can mold Silly Putty into a solid form. If you chill the putty, it will hold its shape longer. However, Silly Putty isnt really a solid. Gravity will take its toll, so any masterpiece you sculpt with Silly Putty will slowly soften and run. Try sticking a glob of Silly Putty to the side of your refrigerator. It will stay as a glob, showing your fingerprints. Eventually it will start to ooze down the side of the refrigerator. There is a limit to this it wont run like a drop of water. However, Silly Putty flows.

Diversity and Global Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diversity and Global Culture - Essay Example The USA is strongly committed to democracy, in which views of the majority prevail, and strives for equality in law and institutions. The American Heritage College Dictionary defines hip hop as, "The popular culture of big city and especially inner city youth, characterized by graffiti art, break dancing, and rap music-of or relating to this culture." Hip hop is a cultural phenomenon that developed in the late 1970's in the Brooklyn and the Bronx, and a musical style emerged from it. Hip hop has become a pervasive element of popular culture and there are hip hop exercise videos, children's books, adult books, magazines, magazine articles and theses devoted to it. Further, hip hop's roots are much older and its use of music from other genres is reflected in Renaissance parody masses. The roots of this phenomenon lie in Jamaica of the 1940's and by the 1960's trucks fitted with sound equipment started playing American rhythm & blues records, in street corners, for the listening pleasure of the people in the neighborhood. Hip hop music, rap or rap music is a style of popular music, which consists of two main components, namely, rapping or MCing and DJing or audio mixing and scratching. Along with break dancing and graffiti or tagging, these compose the four elements of hip hop, a cultural movement that was initiated by inner-city youth, mainly the African Americans. This phenomenon was wide spread in the Farragut Projects in Brooklyn, NY. Some of the early DJs were Coxson Dodd, Prince Buster, Duke Reid, Maboya, Plummer and Kool DJ D who concentrated on disco music. One of them was Kool Herc who had immigrated from Jamaica and settled in the Bronx with his sound system he called "the Herculords." Kool Herc focused on rhythm & blues and funk records and one of his innovations was to play just the "break," or the musical material between the verses of a song, over and over again. He achieved this effect by using two turntables mounted with the same record. This came to be called "break-beat deejaying." People began to perform "strange, acrobatic twisting dance routines" to these episodes that came to be called "break dances" (Stancell, 1996). Kool Herc hired MCs or master of ceremonies who had to keep up a light banter between the songs with the audience. This was the origin of "rapping." DJ Hollywood, one of the early MC's at Kool Herc's parties would use rhyming verses in his rap. One of these included the words "hip hop" "which much later were used interchangeably to define the music of rap and the culture of those who attended Kool Herc's part ies(Stancell, 1996)." Afrika Bambaata was another early figure in the rap and hip hop world. He participated in many competitions between DJs and MCs often termed as battles. In addition to rapping, these battles were decided on who had the more interesting collection of breaks to play. Afrika Bambatta's breaks were drawn from many genres, including rock, rhythm & blues, mambo, German disco and calypso (Stancell, 1996). This practice of hip hop of incorporating existing sounds like recorded samples of music by other groups in addition to voices or ambient sounds led to lawsuits when the groups involved failed to credit their sources(Romanowsky and George - Warren, 1995). Another early

Rene Descarte's Faulty Reliance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rene Descarte's Faulty Reliance - Essay Example To rehearse his argument in short: Descartes believes that we cannot at first glance trust our senses, as it is possible that we are being deceived. Those elements of the world outside our own mind (the res extensa) are available for our thought and our perception (res cogitans) but we cannot trust that the reality of what we think we see is in fact what comprises the world around us. We should doubt, radically, such a belief, because for Descartes this gap between the world around us and our knowledge of the world helps to explain why there exists to many different beliefs about the fundamental nature of our existence. Instead, Descartes suggests, we should be satisfied with the knowledge only that we can think, that we can consider, that thing that we call knowledge, and that material we think of as the world. Hence the famous notion of the Cogito, which in somewhat condensed form, suggests that â€Å"I think, therefore I am.† The claim here is not that of a logical operatio n (thinking begets the awareness of existence) but rather that thinking constitutes the one demonstration of existence that our imperfect cognition makes allows. We are imperfect creatures, capable of being aware of our own imperfections. At the same time, though, we are aware of the possibility of perfection. We can think about the ideal, the infinite, the absolute. And yet we do not know these things, we do not experience these things, and we cannot point our fingers in the direction of some object out there in the physical world around us, in order to demonstrate any of these ideal qualities. Imagination, Descartes seems to suggest, simply isn't powerful to make an argument by way of extension, that would imagine perfection or completion from imperfect or incomplete elements. And so, Descartes suggests, our capacity to think – which is our only true capacity and essence – must have some root that explains the nature of perfection. Descartes introduces this argument by way of a rather awkward rhetorical question (93): â€Å"Now, it is manifest by the natural light that there must at least be as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in its effect; for whence can the effect draw its reality if not from its cause? And how could the cause communicate to it this reality unless it possessed it in itself? (93) How could it, indeed? Well, for Descartes, the answer to the question is contained within its premise: if we can understand perfection, there must exist the essence of perfection, and thus we know that God exists. From the act of thinking, then, we know that we exist, and from the act of thinking about the transcendent or the divine, then we know that God exists. These may seem like separate argument claims. Indeed, in the order they are presented, the Cogito appears to pave the way for the subsequent Ontological argument that proves the existence of God. But we need to understand that this is a trick of presentation, not a linear lo gical relationship. In fact it is the other way around, though this doesn't become apparent until Descartes concludes his project, when the debt the Cogito owes to the Ontological argument is revealed. The most telling paragraph is this: ...considering only that God is my creator, it is highly probably that he in some way fashioned me

The impact of the British system of government around the world Essay

The impact of the British system of government around the world - Essay Example This is now renamed as Australia. The British Americans forming part of the thirteen colonies of the United States disliked the British Parliament's attempts to tax American colonists without the colonists' consent. In addition, the American war for independence was due to the disagreement over the American colonists' guaranteed rights as Englishmen. The American Revolutionary War for independence started 1775. This is the setting for the following paragraphs1. One good impact of the British system of government around the world is the colonization of the many parts of the world. The British Empire is the largest Empire. Hong Kong was one of the last colonies returned by England to China. Portugal had ceded India to Charles II of England in 1661. England had an expansionist war against Spain Portugal. And, England acted as the world's policeman after the defeat of French leader Napoleon Bonaparte. At the height of Britain's glorious empire, it is often stated that the sun never sets on England because Britain's political and military power had reached many corners of the world2. The English empire during the period 1815 to 1914 covered an estimated ten million square miles of territory and about four hundred people around the globe. During this time, England belligerently exerted its dominating position in world trade thereby controlling the economies of independent countries like Latin American, China and Siam and Asia's India. Some of th e current senators United States are descendants of British persons that arrived from Great Britain. Some of the Australian Caucasians today arrived from England because the thirteen colonies in the Americas won their independence under the leadership of George Washington. Clearly, one good impact of the British system of government around the world is the colonization of the many parts of the world3. Another good impact of the British system of government around the world is the replacement of the Muslim government over India. The British ruled India from 1803 to 1947. The British political system took over the reigns of the Indian government when they defeated the Muslims at the start of the 18th century. The Muslims ruled this small Asian country after its invasion of Indian in the 12th century. Many of the Indians reacted religiously. The Hindus tried their best to hold on to their religion. This was also the reaction of many of the Muslim Indians. This reactionary stand of the people meant that they engendered a strong demand for self government. Evidently, another good impact of the British system of government around the world is the replacement of the Muslim government over India4. Further, this Indian revivalism was also a good impact on the Indian population. This revivalism was characterized by the Indians undying stance to keep their Hindu religion alive. The Muslims were not completely successful in trying to eradicate the Indian native religion Hinduism. The Muslims forcefully installed the Muslim faith on India. The Muslim faith expects each Muslim convert to obey every law mentioned in their bible named Koran. The Muslim government is based on the teachings of their prophet Muhammad written down in their bible. The failure of the Muslims to install their Islamic form of

Human Morality Essay Example for Free

Human Morality Essay A common question throughout history has always been about human morality. Because of our higher thinking capacity, we are hardwired to adapt and refine our basic instincts to survive; therefore, it is obvious this question would be disputed throughout time. Are humans innately good, bad, or plainly neutral? The position that any one person takes may be derived from any number of ideas, be them philosophical thoughts or scientific inquiries. This essay asserts that morality is innate, and uses both scientific studies and ideas from philosophers to support this argument. Man is essentially good, and the different ways people are nurtured—from societal influences to parental influences—creates the large spectrum and variety of behavior that may not be deemed â€Å"good† or â€Å"moral. † The magazine Smithsonian published an article named â€Å"Born to Be Mild† in January of 2013 on morality in young children. This article wrote about a few different studies done on children by three different experimenters. In one of the studies titled â€Å"Spontaneous Altruism by Chimpanzees and Young Children,† Felix Warneken tested the morality of humans through young babies (because they have had little to no socialization) and also tested morality of chimpanzees, the closest relative to humans. In this study, 18-month-old toddlers were tested to see if they would help others in need by retrieving a dropped item that an adult struggled for. In almost all instances, the child returned the item. Warneken stated, â€Å"[Helping at that age] is not something that’s been trained, and [the children] come to help without prompting or without being rewarded† (Tucker 39). Not only did the toddlers help people in need, they also helped without social cues (such as the distress someone in need has). Many toddlers in the experiment Warneken created helped retrieve a can that had fallen off a table next to an adult and the adult failed to realize something was amiss. When Warneken tested the chimpanzees to see if they would return the same answers, he tested chimpanzees that were nursery-raised and semi-wild chimps. Both tests displayed the same results as the tests on the toddlers—chimpanzees were willing to help both humans and other chimps in need with no reward for themselves (Tucker 39-41). The fact that most of the toddlers and human relatives, the chimpanzees, helped others in need both with and without social cues strongly points to the idea that human morality is innate. A second study highlighted in the Smithsonian article was a reproduction of a previous study from the mid-2000s. The original study was an animated presentation shown to six to ten month old babies in one group and three month old babies in a second. The animated presentation consisted of a red circle attempted to climb a hill. In one instance, a triangle helped the circle climb, and in another, a square knocked the circle down. When the square and triangle were presented to the older group of babies, almost all babies chose the helping triangle over the hindering square. For the younger group, the researchers tracked the eye movement of the babies to either the triangle or square, because the babies could not physically grab the object. In the reproduction, done by another experimenter, the results were the same. Once again, evidence suggests that because babies seem so morally good, humans are innately good, and it is the nurture we receive as we are socialized into this culture that may cause some people to seem morally corrupt (Tucker 38-39). It should be noted that because the reproduction provided the same results as the original study, an even stronger case was created for the idea of innate human morality. The messages that Machiavelli gives in â€Å"The Qualities of the Prince† may cause one to believe that humans are innately evil because through â€Å"The Qualities of the Prince,† Machiavelli details how to be cunning, take control, and maintain control as a ruler of a province. His teachings seem to create humans as greedy people, hungry for more. This is actually very incorrect. Machiavelli clearly states, â€Å"it is necessary for a prince†¦to learn how to not be good† (42). I emphasize that Machiavelli wrote a man must learn to not be good. One can assume from this that Machiavelli is saying man is at least in some degree, wholesome and moral. After all, humans were never meant to civilize and evolve. We are, in true form, animals that have an instinct to survive. Ruling and gaining power is a man-made idea. Opponents to the idea that humans are moral might suggest that if ruling is man-made, evil is already within us because we created the concept of ruling others; however, if man were truly evil, he would not take murder as a heavy offense, and would kill others in his way to get what he wants instead of just gaining control. The examples of rulers that Machiavelli writes help to reiterate this point. These men were not born thinking of war and control. They were raised and socialized to lead and gain power. Steinbeck and the messages he delivers in The Grapes of Wrath also point to the idea that human morality is innate. The author often writes of the distinct line of those with, and those without—in other words, the owners and the migrants or farmers. Steinbeck makes a point to write about how close-knit the migrants are in many instances. Steinbeck writes â€Å"‘I lost my land’ is changed†¦[to] ‘We lost our land. ’,† ‘I have a little food’ plus ‘I have none’†¦. is ‘We have a little food’† (151); â€Å"the twenty families became one family† (193); and â€Å"when a baby dies a pile of silver coins grew at the door flap† (195). All of these quotes show the goodness in others, to do something for someone in need. This is all in contrast to the owners, which on multiple different pages Steinbeck writes how disconnected they are from the land, and â€Å"the quality of owning freezes you forever into ‘I’† (Steinbeck 152). These owners are so encompassed by the material culture around them, by the greed and the blanketed reality that they cannot see with a moral compass anymore. Of course they have one, for at one point they might have been like the farmers, caring for others and instituted into the â€Å"we† group. Proponents for human neutrality might argue that the owners were never at any point good, that they were neutral and socialized into the owning culture, unlike the farming culture. This is not the case, however, through a passage that Steinbeck wrote very early in The Grapes of Wrath, which said, â€Å"Some of the owner men were kind because they hated what they had to do, and some of them were angry because they hated to be cruel, and some of them were cold because they had long ago found that one could not be an owner unless one were cold† (31). This insinuates that in all types of owners, there is a moral compass. Even in the coldest owners, deep within them, they acknowledge the idea that the work they do is wrong. Because the owners know what is wrong, they know the opposite as well—what is right. If the owners were not innately good, their views on what is right or wrong would be skewed by their societal influences. While people will never give up the argument of human morality, it is a safe bet to argue that humans are innately good. We possess the ability to help spontaneously and without reward, as shown in the scientific studies, and we understand what is right and wrong. Our societal influences and the way we were raised affects if we will channel our morality or go against it, as shown by Machiavelli in â€Å"The Qualities of the Prince† and by Steinbeck in The Grapes of Wrath. Works Cited Machiavelli, Niccolo. â€Å"The Qualities of the Prince. † A World of Ideas. Ed. Lee Jacobus. 8th e. Boston: Bedford, 2010. Print. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 1939. Print. Tucker, Abigail. â€Å"Born to Be Mild. † Smithsonian Jan. 2013: 35-41, 76-77. Print.

The Hierarchy of Needs :: Psychology, Maslow

Human nature of the general populations is as complex as the human race it describes. Most people have combined aspects in defining their nature. Humans are both pleasure seeking and good-natured. If something is not pleasurable to them, it is unlikely that they are good-natured at the time. For example, babies are good-natured as long as they are feeling safe, fed, not wet, and not sick. Maslow describes this as the hierarchy of needs ( Maslow,1942). Humans are motivated by their needs. In order to have pleasure and be good-natured their basic needs of food and shelter must first be met. Tabula Rasa, originally introduced by John Locke has been translated today, as the brain is similar to a computer waiting to be programmed. There is no hard drive or any info available (Voland, 2000). However, most realize that humans are born with certain capabilities all ready. So, they are pre-programmed for some things. People are both pathological and affected by their environment. People are born with certain genetic factors that make them prone to certain pathology or behaviors (Eysenck, 1990). However, the socially environment and culture plays a role in bringing out the genetic factor. IF a person grows up in an environment that promotes antisocial behavior, it will easily bring this feature out in a person. The environment can also teach people to behave a certain way (Berger& Burgoon, 1995) The social cognitive theory states that most schemas are developed while the person is growing up. This can cause either positive or negative schemas and will affect how a person reacts to others. It also decides whether a person’s behavior will be positive or negative. Schemas are mental pictures stored in a person’s memory. The theory also supports the ability to change negative thoughts and behaviors. A person can change these behaviors by observing someone who models appropriate behaviors. A counselor can use both modeling and guided mastery to change the maladaptive thoughts and behaviors of a person (Pervin, Cervone, & Oliver, 2005). Social Cognitive theory is based on the fact, people learn through watching others. The personality is shaped by snapshots called schemas. For example, we have conditioned self to the sound of music. The mind thinks what a pleasant sound. If a person had not been conditioned by experience, we would have thought much different. Instead, we would have thought how dreadful it was (Pervin, Cervone, & Oliver, 2005).

Role of Negotiable Instruments

Role of negotiable instrumentnts in boosting trade and commerce: Negotiable instruments such as cheques, bills of exchage, prommissory notes etc are playing a vital role In today's boosting trade and commerce. One of the reason behind the expanding of the trade and commerce so rapidly is also the negotialble instruments. In trade the transactions are now becoming aso much depending on the negotiable instruments. Where in commerce also the negotiable instruments are helping us in the following ways.Helpful in Buisness: imagine how it is possible to get the business products for resale purpose without the use of money. This is happening just because of the negotiable instruments. Furthur suppose that you want to do a business of refrigrators but you do not have the money to purchase the refrigrators for resale purpose. And also if you do not have any other resource to get the money for purchase you can still purchase the products for your business pupose with the help of the negotiable instruments.Negotiables such as promissory note and specially the bills of exchange are specially made for this purpose. Bills of exchange hepling many people who do not have the money to spend money as capital in their business. No need to carry cash with you : Due to the negotiable instruments it is became so easy to make payments through negtiable instruments such as cheques etc so that the use of cash is not their because most of the times when you are taking cash with you anywhere it is not felt secure that because the cash may do theft by any one.In other words you can say that negotiable instruments make us feel confident to deal at any place without the use of cash. Instant reciepts and payments of the dealings and transactions: We don’t need to wait for days to get money from the bank and from the other places but instead of it we just have to pay in the form of negotiable instrument such as cheque etc so that the people to whom we have to pay would receive that amo unt instantly.

Developing Cultural Flexibility

Developing Cultural Flexibility Portfolio| December 14 2011 | Contents Page Section| Page Number| Q1 – What is the significance of national identity as a source of individuals’ culture? | 2| Q2 -In what aspects of work and employee relations should international managers be aware of religious sensitivities? | 3-4| Q3 -What are Hofstede’s culture dimensions? What correlations does Hofstede make among groups of countries and how valid are they for you? | 5| Q4 – Why do firms’ internationalise’? What are the implications of doing so for their role as employers and how will it affect your role in the future as an employee? 6-7| Bibliography| 8| Q1 -What is the significance of national identity as a source of individuals’ culture? I begin with a definition of culture – ‘the ideas, customs and social behaviour of a particular society’ (Oxford Dictionaries, 2011). In terms of the question I am looking at how significantly ideas, customs and social behaviour of a nation’s identity affects that of the individual’s culture. It’s important to talk about stereotypes, they effect how people perceive the individual and their culture, also it can affect the individual as they may alter their culture to allow them to stand out from their national stereotype e. . people may stereotype Italians as loud and arrogant but some Italians may change their culture to quiet and well-mannered to make themselves more appealing for jobs abroad. Hofstede wrote that culture is ‘A collective programming of minds’, and to some extent I agree with him, people are proud of where they come from and like to promote their nation through their actions, this can mould their actions to some extent. An example is whilst I have been at university I have lived with a Chinese student, we have both said that we had expectations of each other before we had even talked. He expected me to be obsessed with football and beer, whilst I thought he would be a great cook and clever. This ability to anticipate an individual’s culture because of the national identity can be a great starting point for friendship, but it can have a negative effect. Observational learning plays a huge part in our development through child hood, we watch and repeat what our parents and family do. If we have a problem we deal with it how we see them deal with it, I think that this is how individuals develop their culture, not so much from their national identity. Edgar Schein’s belief is that culture is – â€Å"shared systems of beliefs and values†, that culture is the answers to problems. These answers can be learned as a nation, as part of a family or as an individual. It is how individuals deal with these problems that makes their culture individual to them. Although Schein’s 3 levels of culture can to some extent be related to national identity for example the ‘Values and Beliefs’ and ‘Artefacts and creations’. Individual’s belief can be down to their nation’s beliefs, although I think that would have been more applicable in the past. With the development of the internet and communication methods I think that individuals now have the media to find out and decide their own culture. People are travelling all over the world, picking up bits of other cultures and adding to their own. It was similar when America was discovered, people from all over the world moved there bringing their own culture, although there is an American identity, there are patches of America that retain the culture that their people bought with them all. To conclude I believe that national identity is fairly significant to individual’s culture, more so if the individual moves abroad than if they stay in their country. Q2 -In what aspects of work and employee relations should international managers be aware of religious sensitivities? Religion is important throughout the world, with countries becoming more multicultural different religions are clashing leading to war and strained international relationships. This can happen on a smaller scale within organisations. It is up to managers and employees to be aware of each other’s beliefs and respect each other enough to allow them to have their own beliefs. This can be a minefield for today’s international managers where equality is key to running an effective, productive place to work. Globalisation, development in technology, cheaper transportation and international bonds (e. g. European Union) has led to an increase in multi-religious staff, which if international managers are aware of and can work with, it has the potential to offer a lot to organisations, employees bringing different ideas and dvice to the table because of their different religions and knowledge. A difficult example of managing religious sensitivities is allowing Sikhs to carry their ceremonial knife known as ‘Kirpan’ with them at work. It poses difficult problems, one being that it’s dangerous and could create a lot of tension within an organisation. It is an article of faith for the Sikh bu t does that mean its ok to carry a weapon at work? I found an article on the BBC which was headed ‘Sikhs should be allowed to carry ceremonial knives in schools †¦ can religion ever justify loopholes in the law†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Although this is based on schools, it carries the same principle. Should religion be more important than the law of the country? International managers can experience culture shock on 3 different levels: 1. Emotions – e. g. euphoria to depression 2. Thinking – e. g. from stereotyping to culturally effective thinking 3. Social Skills and Identity – e. g. from national to transnational social skills and an international identity (Source Marx 1999) International managers need to master these 3 levels to achieve global management which Bartholomew and Adler (1996) define as ‘The need for a conceptual shift from a hierarchical perspective of cultural influence, compromise and adaption to one of collaborative cross cultural learning’. This is the aim of all global organisations, although it can be a very slow and hard process it is important and the end result would be a driven team of respected employees. International managers need to be aware of religious holidays, example Jewish festivals, Christmas etc. Should they allow every religious holiday or none? Managers need to prepare for religious holidays e. g. ensure that they have enough stock over the Christmas period when sales increase. A manager cannot be seen to favour certain religions as this could lead to discrimination and problems within the workforce. With globalisation comes an expectancy to work together as a team, not be seen as separate religious groups who are distant to each other. It is partly the manager’s job to ensure this happens but it’s also down to the individuals. We live in a global community, it is now time to start developing a multicultural organisational community. This will be a real test for international managers and organisations. Q3 -What are Hofstede’s culture dimensions? What correlations does Hofstede make among groups of countries and how valid are they for you? Geert Hofstede (b. 1928) carried out a cross cultural study of 116,000 employees of IBM in 40 countries. From his results he distinguished national cultures in terms of five orientations which are: (D. A. BUCHANAN, 2010): 1. Social Orientation – Cultures in the East e. g. India, China have a collective interest where the interests of the group are more important than each individuals gains or praise. Whereas the western counties e. g. UK, America have a more individualistic approach where the individual interests are seen as more important, this idea of personal gain above shared gain. 2. Power Orientation – The idea that some national cultures accept that some people are of a higher authority, they accept the hierarchical idea of power on levels, that some people are born into power whereas other cultures believe that you earn power, and that there should be minimum power difference as it exploits others. 3. Uncertainty Orientation – This describes how cultures react and adapt to change and uncertainty. He found that some cultures prefer structure and consistency and find the uncertain threatening whilst others relish change and new opportunities. 4. Goal Orientation – Also known as masculine and feminine culture orientation. This finds out what motivates people to try and achieve their goals. The masculine orientation is more aggressive assertive behaviour, where material possessions, power and money are motivators. The feminine orientation is the more passive side, where the wellbeing and quality of life of other people is a motivator. 5. Time Orientation – This looks at how different cultures work, is it with short term goals in mind or do they plan for the long term. Those that value long term planning, look forward to future market positions, they ensure that they are ready to meet future commitments. Dedication and hard work are essential. Whereas the short term outlook look for short term profits and value past traditions. Hofstede’s has been criticised over his work, he conducted his survey for IBM because they were concerned with declining morale, it wasn’t designed to distinguish ifferent ‘national cultures’. The use of a survey is also criticised, ‘Many researchers allude a survey is not an appropriate instrument for accurately determining and measuring cultural disparity. ’ (M. L. JONES, 2007) Another criticism is that Hofstede’s study makes the assumption that the population is a homogenous whole, whereas there are always ethnic units and subdivisions wi thin society. It seems to ignore the fact that communities can have very different cultures to the one that is seen as the national culture. It would be impossible to accurately represent all different cultures per nation. Hofstede’s is more of an overview of the national culture and should not be used to stereotype the whole population. Q4 – Why do firms’ internationalise’? What are the implications of doing so for their role as employers and how will it affect your role in the future as an employee? More firms are beginning to ‘internationalise’ and try their hand at the global market, with the goal of making a profit and increasing it year after year. This requires businesses to adapt to the changing times. It has and still is becoming much easier to internationalise, with the development of the internet, faster and cheaper transport overseas, vast improvements in infrastructure and if you are part of a trading power e. g. The European Union, the international trading laws are much more flexible than they used to be. More Benefits for firms to internationalise Location – Find a more attractive market overseas where they wish to operate. May find a central location for main distribution centre to save on delivery costs. Low cost and labour charges – Companies want to produce goods quickly and cheaply so that they can get the biggest return on them e. g. Nike has manufactured its products in sweatshops because people are so desperate for work that they can pay them very little. The BBC’s panorama found as recently as in the year 2000, 12 year old girls in Cambodia were working 16 hours a day for little pay because they were so poor. This can lead to implications for firms that do this, bad publicity, drop in sales and a tarnished global image. Less competition – Large organisations are always on the lookout for gaps in the market that they can exploit, this includes overseas markets. If they feel that they offer something new or of a better quality than anything in that country they will try to set up there to capitalise. The image below clearly shows the three stages of internationalisation, with many firms hoping to remain in stage 2 with the positive factors although on either side there are potential implications. Source: Contractor et al. 2003, p. 27 A good example of internationalisation gone wrong is when Vale from Brazil bought out Inco in Canada. It seemed a straight forward move, Inco and Vale had both been successful in their own markets. It turned out to be a bad combination because they didn’t understand or accept each other’s different culture on how they handled business and each other. It ended up costing Vale a lot of money and tarnished their image and reputation. I think that as a future employee internationalisation will affect me greatly, I chose this course because I think that understanding and respecting other cultures is very important, before any business is done it is important to learn what makes people tick, then you know how to motivate them to a certain extent. In my opinion it can be hugely overlooked, if it wasn’t I think that many disagreements could be averted. Dealing with people is a huge part of business whether its potential investors or a fellow employee, if you understand peoples cultures very often you can learn from them, leading to very clever organisational cultures that can motivate and inspire the majority of the workforce leading to a smoother internationalisation process. Bibliography D. A. BUCHANAN, A. A. (2010). Organizational Behaviour. Essex: Pearson Education Ltd 2010. Kenyon, P. (2000, October 15). Gap and Nike: No Sweat? Retrieved December 13, 2011, from BBC: http://news. bc. co. uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/970385. stm Loerrach. (2003). The impact of internatioalization on organizational culture a comparative study of international US and German companies, 7-48. M. L. JONES. (2007). Hofstede – Culturally Questionable, 7-8. RICKY W, P. M. (2007). International Business 5th Edition. GRIFFIN. Roache, R. ( 2010, February 9). Should religion be an excuse for carrying daggers? Retrieved December 13, 2011, from BBC: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/magazine/8506074. stm Unknown. (2011, December 13). Retrieved December 13, 2011, from Oxford Dictionaries: http://oxforddictionaries. com/definition/culture